Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar

In linguistics, a  consonant cluster (CC)—also known simply as a cluster—is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (onset), after (coda) or between (medial) vowels. Onset consonant clusters may occur in two or three initial consonants, in which three are referred to as CCC, while coda consonant clusters can occur in two- to four-consonant groups. Common Consonant Clusters In The  Routledge  Dictionary  of  English  Language  Studies, author Michael Pearce explains that the written English language contains up to 46 permissible two-item initial consonant clusters, ranging from the common st to the less common sq, but only nine permissible three-item consonant clusters. Pearce illustrates the common three-item initial consonant clusters in the following words: spl/  split, /spr/  sprig, /spj/  spume, /str/  strip, /stj/  stew, /skl/  sclerotic, /skr/  screen, /skw/  squad, /skj/  skua, wherein every word must start with an s and be followed by a voiceless stop, such as p or t and a liquid or glide like l or w.   Consonant Cluster Reductions Consonant clusters occur naturally in written and spoken English, although sometimes, they may be altered. Codas, the consonant clusters that end words, may contain up to four items, however, they are often truncated in connected speech if the consonant cluster is too long (as in the word glimpsed being acceptably written as glimst.) This process, called consonant cluster simplification (or reduction) sometimes occurs when at least one consonant in a sequence of adjacent consonants is elided or dropped. In everyday speech, for instance, the phrase  best boy may be pronounced  bes boy, and first time may be pronounced firs time. In spoken English and rhetoric, consonant clusters are often truncated naturally to increase speed or eloquence of speech. We generally drop a repeated consonant if it occurs at the end of one word and again at the beginning of the next. The process of consonant cluster reduction has no set rules, however, it is confined by certain linguistic factors that inhibit the operation of reducing such words. Walt Wolfram, a  sociolinguist  at  North Carolina State University, explains that with respect to the phonological environment that follows the cluster, the likelihood of reduction is increased when the cluster is followed by a word beginning with a consonant. What this means for average English users is that cluster reduction is more common in phrases like west coast or cold cuts than in west end or cold apple. Consonant Cluster Reduction in Poetry and Rap As described by Lisa Green in African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, consonant cluster reduction is often a tool used in poetry to force similar-sounding words with different consonant endings to rhyme. She notes the technique is extremely common in poetic raps of African American origin in the United States. Take for example the words test and desk: While they dont form a perfect rhyme in their original form, by using consonant cluster reduction, the rhyme Sittin’ at my des’, takin’ my tes’ can be forced through truncation. Sources Pearce,  Michael.  The  Routledge  Dictionary  of  English  Language  Studies. Routledge. 2007Wolfram, Walt. Dialect in Society chapter seven in The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.1997; John Wiley. 2017Green, Lisa J. African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. 2002

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte - 1476 Words

Jane Eyre, a bildungsroman novel by Charlotte Brontà « provides a perfect example of the life that orphans faced during the Victorian Era. It shows the treatment they received throughout life and the conditions they were subject to. Brontà « shows us these conditions through the main character Jane Eyre’s childhood and the influences including that of her Aunt Reed and her administrator at Lowood (the boarding school where her Aunt enrolled her) Mr. Brocklehurst, and the general institution of the Lowood School. Brontà « also shows how Jane benefitted from her time at the Institution. Jane Eyre, the main character, is an orphan with a strong sense of self-righteousness. During the Victorian Era, orphans were common, so much so that orphanages were â€Å"overflowing: even their waiting lists were full† (Banerjee, August 22, 2007). This was primarily due to epidemics such as typhus, which was the disease that took the lives of Jane’s parents. If they were lucky enough, many orphans were spared from the overcrowded orphanages and â€Å"taken in by other branches of their family, with various degrees of willingness.† (Banerjee, August 22, 2007). After her parents pass away, Jane is taken in by her uncle on her mother’s side Mr. Reed, who is very wealthy and treats her very well. He actually showed more love for Jane than he did his own children, which caused conflict between Jane, her aunt and cousins. When he was sick and in his deathbed he had Jane â€Å"brought continually to his bedside andShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bron te1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structures through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery as blatantly concealed as Jane’s description of Rochester’s hand as being â€Å"rounded, muscular; and vigorous†¦long, strong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brontà « 312) A modern reader might blush at the description and itsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1437 Words   |  6 Pagestools that depict history. One great work of art that portrays these constant struggles is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. While addressing social issues of a governess, Brontà « also tackles Victorian society’s corrupt and unjust ideals by using different settings and characters such as Mr. Rochester and Gateshead Manor. In Jane Eyre, the depiction of a rigid social class restricts the protagonist, Jane Eyre, from marrying her love, Mr. Rochester. Sadly, Jane’s relationship is also jeopardized by passionRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1374 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Within the specter of the Gothic fictions arises the atmosphere of gloom, terror, and mystery with some elements of uncanny challenging reality. One major characteristic function of the Gothic fictions is to open the fiction to the realm of the irrational and perverse narratives, obsessions, and nightmarish terrors that hide beneath the literally civilized mindset in order to demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world known rationally through experienceRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte781 Words   |  3 PagesThrough her trials and tribulations, Charlotte Bronte has kept her passion for poetry alive and remains as one of the most influential British poets of all times. Even though she is one of the most famous female writers of all times, she is mostly famous for her most popular novel Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte has experienced more tragedy in her life than happiness by losing her mother and all five of her siblings. But, in her moments of tragedy, she expre ssed her feelings through poetry. As a resultRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte949 Words   |  4 PagesSurrounded by witnesses, Jane stands in front of the minister, poised to take her marital vows as the mystery of Thornfield unravels. Unbeknownst to her, Rochester’s actual wife, Bertha Mason, is within close proximity.The knowledge of Bertha, and the mystery, will pose as a test to Jane s morals and her character. Through Jane Eyre, a powerful Victorian-era novel, Charlotte Bronte portrays the role of women in Victorian society while masterfully solidifying Jane’s role as its polar opposite: anRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte1620 Words   |  7 PagesIt is often said that it is the role of literature to challenge and confront the conventional values of a society. In the novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte the idea of challenging and confronting conventional values is stressed often. Perhaps it is in relation to the author herself, as seen in the autobiographical elements recognizable throughout the novel. Some of these autobiographical elements include the form of which the novel is written in, called Bildungsroman where the story is focusedRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe nineteenth-century Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is considered to be a gothic novel. Gothic literature took place mostly in England from 1790 to 1830, falling in to the category of Romantic literature. The Gothic takes its roots from previous horrifying writing that extends back to the Middle Ages and can still be found in writings today by many authors including Charlotte Bronte. The strong description of horror, abuse, and gruesomeness in Gothic novels reveals truths to readers through realisticRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte929 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « explores how Jane wants to find love--not just romantic love but to value and sense of belonging. The book challenges how the language of middle-class love affects the way a character’s self-identity can alter the action, how Jane sees herself later when she found love and sense of belonging as independent women. When Jane was a child she struggles to find her own identity Jane begins to change through her journey once she realizes her own identity and this helpsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1359 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the ex periences of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte, expresses many elements of gothic literature throughout her novel Jane Eyre. In her perfect understanding of gothic literature, she expresses the three types of evil commonly found in gothic literature, including the evil of the supernatural, the evil within or the instinctual evil motives of humans, and lastly, the evil because of societal influence. Jane Eyre experiences all of these three evils with her aunt and three cousins with her residency

Injustice and Justice Free Essays

Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere In the name of ALLAH the most gracious the most merciful, the Omnipresent and Omnipotent. Mr. President sir, honourable chief guest, worthy opponents and future scholars. We will write a custom essay sample on Injustice and Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"O believers! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin† â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. † These powerful words were said by one of American best known advocate of equal rights – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, all humans are caught in a patent network of sympathy. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Dear audience lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or social norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required. Justice is linked conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for one’s beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification – the source or basis – of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its vast importance. Justice is the foundation on which the edifice of the society stands. Justice,Pakistan. Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of disclosure and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Justice is the building block of the society and it is directly proportional to the truth, in order to keep check and balance in the society it is essential to maintain justice. Justice so called as ADAL can be seen in the early Arabian era when Hazarat Umar (R. A) was the governor General of Islamic Society. The whole society was propagated due to justified principles and teaching of Islam. He was the only ruler ever to admit that even if a dog died of hunger on the banks of river Tigris during his rule, he would be held answerable to Almighty ALLAH. It was the true spirit of justice, what the leaders of the modern world lake. Justice is like the life blood of the society which can be thick or thin, periodically, but its viscosity have a great impact in the life of the people. Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own benefits. Dear youngsters of 21st century, our country, Pakistan, is facing a severe problem of bloodshed, illegal killings, suicide bomb blast, terrorism etc. only due to the unjustified policies. Economic injustice involves the state’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available in that society. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. In Pakistan our law is like a cobweb it sticks to the weaker ones but the stronger ones break it off. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. In the nutshell, by setting examples of injustice we are actually creating fear in the society to fight for their basic rights. This fear is one of the major causes of our poor economy and this is the vital reason, why we are left behind from other countries. We have to make firm believe on it that Allah. It is an old saying that â€Å"absence of war does not mean peace, its only due to presence of justice. † Thankyou†¦ How to cite Injustice and Justice, Essay examples

Capstone free essay sample

When we talk about different types of sentencing the most coming types are indeterminate and determinate. They both serve the same function but have different out comes. They are both build to serve as punishments but to also rehabilitate at the same time. The main difference between these two sentences is the fact that indeterminate sentences offer early release in the form of parole and determinate sentences do not. Indeterminate sentences are defined as a sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence (Siegel, 01/2013, p. 40). And determinate sentences are defined as sentences that give the defendant a fixed term of years, the maximum set in law by the legislature, which is to be served by the offender sentenced to prison for a particular crime (Siegel, 01/2013, p. 41). Each type of sentencing has its own strengths and weakness’. This store also has important symbolic value. This store is only a few blocks from the first Tanglewood store. Recent remodeling efforts have also made this one of the most elaborate stores in terms of appearance, with features like an open kitchen restaurant where all the food is prepared and served using Burford Kitchen maters, an outdoor adventure area with a rock wall and a live kayak simulator, and quarterly emonstrations of the latest clothing options that will be presented in other stores. Nearly all managers will spend at least sometime working in the Spokane store as part of their initial training. Finally, the store is commonly used as a first testing ground for new products. It is an ideal location for this option, because it is one of the most representative locations. Because it is on the outer edge of Spokane, many customers are from suburban areas, but because ot its size and unique teatures, urban and rural customers who make the trip to the store as well. This means that this store is closely aligned with he corporate marketing function, and good managers must understand how to do marketing and promotions from the bottom up. The applicants Because this is such an important position, Marilyn Gonzalez arranged to have all candidates complete the full battery of proposed selection tools. The importance of this position also has lead the stores to conduct a closed recruiting operation. Only twenty individuals were contacted as potential sources. The internal candidates were contacted through referrals made by regional managers, whereas the external candidates were based on nominations from individuals in the corporate offices. You have received r ©sum ©s, retail knowledge tests, standardized test scores from the Marshfield Applicant Exam, biographical data, and scores on several personality dimensions for the 10 individuals from the initial applicant pool who expressed a strong interest in the position. This information is all available in the attached Tables in the Appendix. Future practice There are several questions the company has about its future hiring practices for store managers as well. It is clear that there will be a substantial revision to the collection of information from applicants based on your recommendations from Case 3. This does not completely resolve the problem of how a final selection decision will be made. The current method for selection in managerial positions involves a two stage process that bears some resemblance to the process for hiring store associates, but at a higher level. There will of course be interviews in the process, but the organization needs more information about how to assess individuals before they go on to the final interview process, because managerial interviews are very expensive in terms of staff time. Specific Assignment Details It will be incumbent on you to present several options regarding how this hiring ecision should proceed. This is a very important decision, so Tanglewood would like you to provide several different possible selection schemes. 1 . Develop a detailed selection plan for this position. Determine what you want to measure by analyzing KSAOs from the Job description and the information on organizational culture in the case, and fitting the selection measures into the plan tormat as shown in xm i n e boo . The assessment met nods you should consider in the selection plan are biodata, the Marshfield Applicant Examination, Retail Knowledge, conscientiousness, and extraversion. . Develop assessment scores based on several multiple predictor methods described in your book. This entails developing distinct scores for each applicant based on clinical prediction, unit weighting, and rational weighting schemes. For each method, develop a list of your top three finalists to provide to the regional manager. Compare these to a multiple hurdle selection procedure that uses test scores as a first stage to find the five strongest candidates, and then uses interviews and r ©sum ©s to select the top three finalists. Which of the methods do you believe works best? Why? 3. You are making a recommendation for who should be considered a candidate for hiring based on your read of the data. Using your recommendations, Tanglewood will develop a panel of individuals who will be involved in the final selection decision with interviews. Who do you think should be involved in this process from Tanglewood based on the discussion of decision makers in the textbook? What does each decision maker add to the process? You should consult the organizational structure information in the introduction 4. Based on the three previous portions of the assignment, develop an official guide o selection that can be supplied to all the stores. This official guide should provide the information from the selection plan, suggestions for how to combine predictors, and guidelines for managers on who should be involved in the final decision. The decision makers do not necessarily need to be the same ones participating in the selection decision for the Spokane flagship store. Your actual write-up should be only 2 pages. (single space) But you must include supporting material in the form of charts/tables/appendices/exhibits use whatever makes sense for what you are proposing. YOUR APPENDIX C:

Nothing free essay sample

The menu is famous for integrating roasted nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds), GianduJa, Orange Peel, dried Strawberry bits, and more. Recently, Patchi introduced 5 new exotic flavors to its menu with Cotton Candy, Cheesecake, Peanut Butter in some of the recipes. [7] Presence[edit] A Patchi outlet in Taguig City, Philippines Expansion Network The business is well expanded and properly established at 28 countries spread amongst the globe with a great deal of focus on the Middle East The Home of Patchi as well as recognizable presence in North Africa, Asia Pacific, etc. Countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Canada (Online), Egypt, France, Chinese Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jordan, KSA, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico (Online), Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Syria, South Africa, Tunisia, IJAE, I-JK, Ukraine, and USA. [8] As for the boutiques network it consists of 145 boutiques, fairly distributed according to market demand and expertise in the field. Patchis online boutique caters to the North American markets at http:// usa. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patchi. com and http://canada. patchi. com. Worldwide Store locations can be ound on this page. Industrial network and divisions[edit] Patchi has a network of 5 factories, in: Lebanon, KSA, UAE, Syria Egypt. Aside from chocolate, Patchi runs 4 other manufacturing divisions, one which produces all packages (printing section), another that produces the Silver Line (Patchi Silver), the porcelain section (creation various fillings for chocolates) and finally the Flower division or in other words the section that caters for the development of chocolate decoration and all other forms of ornaments. nothing By poiuytrewqlkJhfdsa Nothing free essay sample It Is very important for me to express to you how much you really mean to me. Wish I could do this in person while holding you in my arms and gazing into your eyes But since we are physically separated by miles of emptiness, this expression must come In the form of letters such as this. Nice, I know It is difficult for you, as It Is for me, to have a long distance relationship. We had met through a social networking site and I keep on hoping to meet you soon In person.Although we have not seen each other yet, but Im pretty sure that my feelings for you Is pure ; true. Life seems to be full of trials in this type of relationship we have, which test our Inner strength, and more Importantly, our devotion and love for one another. After all, It Is said that True Love Is boundless and Immeasurable and overcomes all forms of diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In truth, If It Is genuine, It will grow stronger with each assault upon Its existence.Nice, our love has been assaulted many times and I am convinced that It Is true because the longer I am away from you, the greater is my yearning to be with you. You are my Charming Prince and I am your devoted Princess. I cherish any thought of you, prize any memory of you that rises from the depths of my mind and live for the day when our physical separation will no longer be. Until that moment arrives, I send to you across the miles, my tender love, my warm embrace and my most passionate kiss. Love always, Nothing free essay sample D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 2. Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? A) The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. B) The residual volume of the lungs decreases. C) The diaphragm contracts. D) The epiglottis closes. E) The rib cage expands. 3. A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of A) 1,450 mL. D) 5,000 mL. B) 4,000 mL. E) 5,450 mL. C) 4,450 mL. 300-Organisms in water use countercurrent exchange for gas diffusion. A. How does this work? Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills, blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets (remember higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure! ). Gills have several outfoldings to increase surface area and exchange B. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why do organisms living in water need to do this? The water medium has inherently lower concentrations of oxygen and higher viscosity of air so countercurrent exchange helps to facilitate diffusion 400-1. The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? A) nitric acid D) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen E) carbon monoxide C) oxygen 2. Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? A) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. B) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. C) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. E) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. 1 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 3. The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. D) temperature. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. E) pH. C) hemoglobin concentration. 500-How are gas exchange and circulation coordinated in the human lungs? Blood arrives in the lungs has low partial pressure of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in the alveoli -In alveoli-O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air -In tissue capillaries, O2 diffuses into interstitial fluids and CO2 diffuses into the blood Birds do it, bees do it, †¦ 100-Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. E) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females. 200-Name two reasons for and two reasons against asexual reproduction. For: -do not waste energy finding a mate -rapid reproduction colonization in favorable habitats -ensures gene pool is passed to next generation Against: -pathogens can decimate clonal populations -loss of genetic diversity -cannot easily rid population of harmful mutation 300-Internal vs external fertilization. Make one comparison and one contrast Comparison -both produce zygotes -both are sexual reproduction Contrasts -External-many gametes for both sexes (not just male) -Greater parental investment (internal) -invest reproductive energy differently b. Where and when does fertilization occur in humans? Oviduct/fallopian tube, ovulation 400-1. In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis happens in embryonic development. B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born. 2. Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that A) they both have the same number of chromosomes. 2 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) they are approximately the same size. C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility. D) they are produced from puberty until death. E) they are formed before birth. 00- For both men and women, the hypothalmus is releasing __________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete _____________ and ______________. GnRH, FSH, LH In turn, these hormones are in part controlled by what two main hormonal products in women and one main hormonal product in men. estradiol and progesterone, testosterone When does meiosis II occur for sperm and for a n oocyte? sperm- before ejaculated oocyte-after fertilization If It’s Yellow†¦ 100-1. The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. 200-Match the following with their excretory system 1. Earthworms (D) 2. Crickets (E) 3. Flatworms (A) 4. Humans (B) 5. Jellyfish (C) 300-1. Put the following in the correct order A. Ascending Loop of Henle B. Descending Loop of Henle C. Collecting Duct D. Distal Tubule E. Proximal Tubule F. Bowmans capsule and glomerulus F-E-B-A-D-C 2. Where are these tubes, etc found and are there many of them in the human body? Nephron of the kidney, Yes, ~80 million 3. After the last step listed here where does the filtrate go on its final journey out of the body? Renal pelvis to ureter to urinary bladder to urethra 400-1. Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals? A) juxtamedullary nephrons B) Bowmans capsule C) urethra D) podocytes E) ureter 3 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 2. What makes these components so special? Longer loop of Henle that goes deep into medulla 500-Picking 2 components, explain how they work to concentrate urine. Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct In the Nephron Cortex: †¢ Blood flows from the renal artery into the afferent arteriole †¢ Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus where blood pressure forces filtrate into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule (filtrate consists of salts, glucose, and other small molecules – no blood cells or plasma proteins as they are too large to filter through the capillaries) †¢ In the proximal tubule: From the Bowman’s capsule, filtrate passes through the Proximal tubule where Na+ (which results in passive transport of Cl- ions in the form of NaCl), K+, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate buffer and other nutrients are absorbed into the interstitial fluid and transported through the peritubular capillaries (water follows via osmosis as the interstitial fluid becomes hyperosmotic to the filtrate) Also the site of waste filtration (like processed drugs from the liver) via nonselective filtration from the interstitial fluid and surrounding tissues This is also the site of pH regulation of body fluids as transport epithelium secrete H+ and buffering NH3 to form ammonium ions (NH4+) In the Medulla: †¢ Loop of Henle 1) Filtrate enters the Loop of Henle from the Proximal Tubule 2) Descending Limb carries it down into the Medulla. . Descending Limb is semi-permeable. Water may pass through but ions may not. . Medulla has high osmolarity, causing water to pass from the Loop of Henle into the Medulla. 3) Ascending Limb carries filtrate back up from the Medulla . Ascending Limb is not permeable to water . Dissolved ions are actively transported from the filtrate into the Medulla, increasing its osmolarity. 1) Blood travels through the Vasa Recta in the opposite direction of filtrate in the Loop of Henle. 2) As blood travels down into the medulla, it absorbs some of the ions transported from the Ascending Limb, increasing osmolarity. 3) When blood flows back out of the medulla al ongside the Descending Limb, water is reabsorbed from the Medulla, maintaining its high osmolarity. III. Summary 1) Both the Loop of Henle and the Vasa Recta are countercurrent multipliers that act to conserve water. 2) About 90% of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the time it reaches the Distal Tubule. Back to the Nephron Cortex: †¢ In the Distal tubule: Much like the proximal tubule but primarily focused on NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion into the filtrate pH regulation via reabsorption of bicarbonate and secretion of H+ ions into the filtrate Collecting Duct: †¢ The collecting duct then carries filtrate into the renal pelvis †¢ Site of urine concentration / dilution When kidneys are conserving water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic to the filtrate, thus aquaporin allow water to pass through the walls of the duct into the interstitial fluid 4 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th When kidneys are expelling water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hypoosmotic to the filtrate, thus kidney reabsorbs salts into the interstitial fluid without letting water follow MisMash 100-1. How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma B) CO2 attached to hemoglobin C) carbonic acid in the erythrocytes D) CO2 dissolved in the plasma E) bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin 2, Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers. 200-1. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, so this means that compared to the seawater around them, they are Hypoosmotic, Hyperosmotic or Isoosmotic. Isoosmotic 2. What happens when you put one in a freshwater environment? They will be hyperosmotic to their environment and will not be able osmoregulate and will take on water from environment 300-organisms have evolved several different methods to maximize the efficiencies of different processes. Explain how the organisms have evolved. 1. Deep sea diving mammals such as the Weddell seal and gas exchangecarry 5x amount of oxygen as humans, slow heart rate and limit blood circulation to vital organs 2. Albatrosses can drink salty water -have salt glands consisting of arteries, veins, capillaries and secretory tubules designed to remove remove salt from the blood 400-Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) ultrafiltration C) selective reabsorption D) secretion E) active transport 500- 1. How does ADH function at the cellular level? A) ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. B) It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. C) It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. D) It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. E) It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water. 2. How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis? A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume. 5 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in body fluids. D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which increases both blood volume and pressure. E) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place. 6

Wheatstone Bridge essays

Wheatstone Bridge essays The most accurate measurements of resistance are made with a galvanometer (or a voltmeter) in a circuit called a Wheatstone bridge, named after the British physicist Charles Wheatstone. This circuit consists of three known resistances and an unknown resistance connected in a diamond pattern. A DC voltage is connected across two opposite points of the diamond, and a galvanometer is bridged across the other two points. When all four of the resistances bear a fixed relationship to each other, the currents flowing through the two arms of the circuit will be equal, and no current will flow through the galvanometer. By varying the value of one of the known resistances, the bridge can be made to balance for any value of unknown resistance, which can then be calculated from the values of the other resistors. In theory, if one arm of an originally balanced equal-arm Wheatstone Bridge is changed from R to R + R, the bridge voltage will be given by: V0 = (Vs/4) x (R/R) = (Vs/4R) x R Therefore, when plotting the graph V0 against R, the values R around less than about 10Ù we would expect a linear slope. For the larger values we will get a definite curve. In this experiment we will use the same technique to analyse and determine the out-of-balance voltage due to the change in resistance. The out-of-balance voltage is a measure of the change in resistance, which is thus made to be proportional to the external influence. Similar bridges, substituting known inductances and known capacitances for the resistance arms of the bridge, are employed in the measurement of the inductance and capacitance of circuit components. Bridges of this type are usually known as AC bridges, because AC sources are used rather than DC sources. To observe features of the out-of-balance voltage of an initially balanced Wheatstone Bridge. Â ¡ 4 known resistors (4 x 100Ù resistors) Â ¡ Decade box r...

Field Trip Reflection ( Cruise) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Trip Reflection ( Cruise) - Essay Example It is a fascination to me because ships were normally just normally used to transport goods and people and it was not that fun. Now, cruise ships such as Grandeur of the Seas made it fun and vacation-like with the integration of a lot of amenities that make the passengers enjoy the ride for days if not weeks. What is more fascinating is that the cruise ship has to live with the supplies it has on board during its trip because obviously, it cannot resupply while it is in the middle of the ocean. Much more, when it has entertainment facilities that resembles the one we can find in hotels and bars. I can only imagine the planning involved to determine the resources needed that it could not bring so much logistics as it would weigh too much on the ship nor can it be so little that there would be little or scant resources to be had for the ship to operate and become fun. I can only imagine the coordination between its massive numbers of personnel to create an atmosphere that is convenient and enjoyable for the passenger. Thus during the visit, I made sure that I would be able to talk to some of its crew and know more about the ship and its operation to satisfy my curiosity. I spoke first with Tony, the Hotel Manager because I am awed with how he managed to operate a hotel in a middle of an ocean with all bells and whistles of a hotel in lands. If operating a hotel in land is already tough, moreso when one is in the middle of an ocean. Tony agreed that it is tough to operate a cruise but nevertheless, it is doable for their passengers to have an unforgettable stay during their ride at the Grandeur of the Seas. Tony is confident that they could deliver excellent service and unforgettable experience to their passengers because he had 15 years of experience behind him. He basically knows every nuts and bolts about the service operation of a cruise ship. Tony is also responsible for the service operation of the cruise and all employees report to him about the service ope ration. And this could mean a 24 hour operation so literally, he is on duty 24 hours a day. Tony agreed but it does not mean that he is working 24 hours. He is able to create a system that the operation will continue even if he is not around to rest/sleep or attend to personal needs. But still, he is on call for any issue that may arise about service operation during the duration of cruise. He stays four months on board the ship and has a vacation of two months. Of course along with the hotel like amenities of a cruise ship is its entertainment. So we also met Ricky who is responsible of the entertainment on the cruise. He is basically responsible for all the bands, singers, dances, music and fun happening on the ship. We also met the chef and he took us on a tour around the food operation facilities and the restaurant rooms. They have three different restaurants beside the main serving room which can hold 2200 people at the same time. They

The Effect of Faculty Mentoring on the Retention of first generation Dissertation

The Effect of Faculty Mentoring on the Retention of first generation college students - Dissertation Example Thereafter, in the second semester, the teachers resort to usual mentoring practices, and the variation in the above factors are recorded both quantitatively and qualitatively. Population sample As is evident, MNC is a Hispanic majority (95%) institution with only 2% Blacks and 1% Whites. In addition, the age of the students range from 18 to 24 years. For the purpose of this study, 30 first generation students and 30 non-first generation first year students will be selected who will be divided into four 15 member groups; that is, a group with Hispanic and Black first generation students, a group with White first generation students, one group of White non-first generation students, and the last groups with Hispanic and Black non-first generation students. In addition, 5 teachers will be selected to self-report their ideas and observations on mentoring and student retention over the period of this study. The teachers will be given explicit guidelines on what activities and approaches should the students be deprived of in the first semester and be provided in the second semester. Collecting GPA In the first semester of the study, the students’ GPA will be collected in all four groups after depriving them of any mentoring. In the second semester, the teachers will start mentoring activities like student support, seminars, advices, and counseling, and then, the students’ GPA is recorded at the end of the semester. Questionnaire This study also intends to use a questionnaire among the students that will show the students’ own reflection on their experience in both the semesters. The questions asked will be as follows: (a) Do you feel a variation in your confidence level after you joined MNC? (b) Do you think the improvement took place in the first or second semester? (c) Is the improvement in confidence and performance because of mentoring? (d) Do you think the teacher mentoring is effective? (e) Do you wish to re-enroll for the next semester? I n addition, there will be a separate questionnaire for teachers to fill at the beginning and end of each semester. The questions will be as follows: (a) What activities did you perform in the last semester for mentoring? (b) Do you feel there is a rise in the confidence level and academic performance of students? (c) Is there an observable rise or fall in student re-enrollment due to mentoring or non-mentoring? Interview with students At the beginning and end of each semester, there will be a face-to-face interview with the selected students from all four groups. The interview at the beginning of the first semester will contain the following questions: (a) What are your doubts and fears about joining MNC? (b) Do you feel confident enough to continue to the next semester? The interview at the end of the first semester will concentrate on the following questions: (a) What doubts and fears do you have about studying at MNC? (b) How did you feel about the fist semester study at MNC? (c) Do you feel confident enough to continue to the second semester of study? The next interview at the end of the second semester will contain the following questions: (a) What doubts and fears do you have about studying at MNC? (b) Do you feel confident enough to continue to the next semester? (c) Do you think the mentoring program raised you confidence and resulted in you retention? Observation of student participation in

NASA Strategic Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NASA Strategic Plan - Case Study Example For a strategic plan to be achievable, it has to be clear such that one can easily understand what it is all about. NASA’s 2011 strategic plan lacks any form of clarity. There are no specific goals and objectives and one would argue that it is just a list of a few nonspecific and unformulated ideas. In addition, the mission statement for the company should be for specifically aimed at the employees, the customers, the stakeholders and partners to the organization. It should be short and clear-cut provided the message is passed understood by recipients. The vision statement should be a bit longer and detailed as this is gives the employees, stakeholders, and customers and partners an idea of what the company is working towards and the means through which it hopes to get there. In NASA’s strategic plan, the vision statement is short and rather vague while the mission statement is a bit more detailed than should be the case. In addition, the mission statement does not express a particularly unique mission that is unique to the agency. Both of the mission and the vision statement could probably apply to any government agency that deals in research and development as there is no mention of aeronautics or space. This could in away lead to a misunderstanding of the agencyâ€⠄¢s general tactical direction (National Research Council, 2012). A strategic plan for any organization should involve all the members of the organization, at every organizational level. This insinuates that all the members of the organization should be able to understand the plan for them to be capable of playing part in the attainment of the organizations goals and objectives. When setting goals and objectives, one has to involve everyone at every level in the organization, as they will all be helpful in working towards the realization of the company’s mission. Secondly, the strategic plans for NASA are a bit far stretched considering the

Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences Essay

Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences Essay Malaysia is a fast developing country that its change from an agro-based to an industrial nation, has led to an increase in the population. Malaysias population increased rapidly from 6 278 800 in 1957 to an estimated 29,179,952 in July 2012. Thus, the amount of solid wastes generated in Malaysia also increases rapidly. Statistic shows that on average, each Malaysian produces 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg of wastes per day (The Star, 2009). About 23,000 tonnes of wastes are produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Global Environmental Centre, 2008). The amount of wastes generated continues to increase due to the increasing population and development. Problem Statement There are different alternatives to reduce, treat and dispose the solid wastes. However, landfill is still the most common practice for solid waste management. Sanitary landfill for solid waste management is defined as an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes on land by spreading them in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest practical volume, and covering them with soil each working day in a manner that protects the environment (Brunner and Keller, 1972). There are 230 official dumping sites in Malaysia, the majority of which are crude landfills, with only 10% providing leachate treatment ponds and gas ventilation systems and with most having no control mechanism and supervision. However, the landfill method causes generation of leachate (Galbrand, 2003). Leachate is defined as a liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials (EEA, 2005). Leachate occurrence is by far the most significant threat to ground water. Once it reaches the bottom of the landfill or an impermeable layer within the landfill, leachate either travels laterally to a point where it discharges to the groundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surface as a seep, or it will move through the base of the landfill and into the subsurface formations (El-Fadel et al., 1997). Depending upon the nature of these formations and in the absence of a leachate collection system, leachate has reportedly been associated with the contamination of aqu ifers underlying landfills which resulted in extensive investigations for the past four decades (Albaiges et al., 1986; Mann and Schmadeke, 1986). Leachate contains high concentration of organic matter, inorganic matter (sodium chloride and carbonate salt) and heavy metal (Trebouet et al., 2001). Organic matter in leachate results in decomposition by microorganisms and causes oxygen depletion in surface water bodies (Schwartz, 2005). This favours anaerobic conditions which are detrimental to the aquatic life. The anaerobic micro flora is responsible for putrefactive processes which are characterized by the production of different types of toxic and noxious compounds (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and phosphine) as final products of the organic matter degradation. Oxygen deficiency and toxic substance from anaerobic metabolism cause fish death and impairment of aquatic life. Therefore, since leachate can affect aquatic ecosystems and human health, proper leachate treatment is needed befo re leachate is discharged into receiving water (Paredes, 2003). Nutrients such as nitrate, ammonia and phosphate (along with co-contaminants such as pathogens, chemicals, and animal pharmaceuticals) are also found in leachate. High levels of nitrate, phosphate and ammonia in our lakes, rivers, streams, and drinking water sources cause the degradation of these water bodies and harm fish, wildlife, and human health. For example, at levels above 10 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) in ground water, nitrates can cause human health effects, such as blue baby syndrome to pregnant woman. The current conventional leachate treatment systems are physical-chemical treatment, recirculation of leachate through landfill and biological treatment (El-Gendy, 2003). Physical-chemical treatment includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption and ammonia stripping (Ehrig, 1989). Precipitation in physical-chemical treatment is based on the addition of any chemicals to remove suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia and metal. The physical-chemical treatment processes can produce high quality effluents, adapt to wide variations in flow and chemical composition and have the ability to remove toxic substances from leachate (Shams-Khorzani et al., 1994). However, these treatment systems are difficult to operate and require highly skilled labor besides high capital and operating costs. Some of these processes even require extensive pretreatment process (Britz, 1995). As a conclusion, the conventional treatment sy stems are effective in treating leachate. However, they require highly skilled labour and involve both high capital and operating cost. Therefore, constructed wetland was developed as an alternative to treat leachate in this research since constructed wetland has low cost of construction and maintenance (El-Gendy, 2003). The type of wetland used in this study is a combined system of subsurface flow (SS) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland. 1.3 Objectives The main objectives of this study are; To determine the nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and ammonia) removal from landfill leachate using combined subsurface and free water surface flow in constructed wetland between planted and control (without plant) system. To determine the nutrients removal in different hydraulic loading rate (HLR). To compare the percentage removal between subsurface (SS) and free water surface (FWS) in both planted and control system. To determine the uptake of nutrients by plants, Limnocharis flava in the subsurface (SS) and Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface (FWS). 1.4 Scope of Study The scope of this study is leachate treatment by setting up of lab-scaled wetland. The leachate was collected from landfill in Padang Siding and initial concentration of phosphate, nitrate and ammonia were analysed. Then, experiments were conducted with 25% leachate concentration diluted with water in a 60 L container being treated in two different planted and control reactors. Initially, Limnocharis flava plants were planted in the subsurface (SS) tank and Eichhornia crassipes was placed in the free water surface (FWS) tank in planted reactor and left for a few days for acclimatization process while no plant was placed in control reactor. The experiments were conducted with two different hydraulic loading rates which were high hydraulic loading rate (0.55 m/d) and low hydraulic loading rate (0.39 m/d). The efficiency of nutrients removal in leachate was evaluated by few parameters which were phosphate, nitrate and ammonia. The uptake of nutrients by plants in leaf, stem and root was also analysed as well as monitoring the physical plant growth in terms of physical appearance throughout the experiments. 1.5 Importance of Study The research was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal from landfill leachate in a combined system of subsurface and free water surface constructed wetland as well as to determine the nutrient uptake by plants. This nutrients removal was done by phytoremediation process by plants. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up or control many kinds of pollutants including metals, pesticides and oil (McCutcheon, 2008). Phytoremediation is a potential method to treat leachate naturally in low cost. It is an environmentally friendly approach to remove pollutants from leachate. Therefore, phytoremediation can be practically used in landfill sites as constructed wetland to remove nutrients from landfill leachate. The plants used in constructed wetland can be Limnocharis flava in the subsurface and Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface. This research was also conducted to determine the most efficient loading rate for the leachate flow in constructed wetland in removing nutrients effectively. The loading rate plays an important role since the leachate flow also determines the uptake of nutrients by the plants. This research was also conducted to determine the ability of plants, Limnocharis flava and Eichhornia crassipes to uptake nutrients from the leachate.

Puzzle of King Tuts Inner-Coffin as Recreational Activity :: King Tutankhamun History Essays

Puzzle of King Tut's Inner-Coffin as Recreational Activity The King Tutankhamun jigsaw puzzle consists of 1000 individual, cardboard pieces which fit perfectly together to form a 13.75 X 38.5 inch portrait of his inner-coffin. It serves a dual purpose, not only as a two-dimensional replica of King Tut's coffin, but also as a form of recreational activity. The fun lies in methodically assembling the pieces together to create a desired image. Its intended consumer ranges from kids to adults. The puzzle can be found in the gift section at the UCSD bookstore. The bookstore is located in the middle of a college campus, primarily dependent on the patronage of college students. As its name suggests, it mainly sells textbooks for college courses, as well as clothing, school supplies, and assorted gifts. While the puzzle functions as an entertaining diversion, the actual inner-coffin of King Tutankhamun served a much more significant role. The discovery of this historical artifact offers a glimpse into the lifestyle and beliefs of the Egyptians. The Egyptians were deeply religious people, incorporating religious ideology into their everyday life. They believed in an inner-spirit, called the ka, which persists long after a person's death. With this in mind, they went to great lengths to ensure that the ka of a departed king enjoyed a comfortable, luxurious after-life existence, as it was crucial to the well-being of the Egyptian state. So, when King Tutankhamun died in 1327 BC., they lavished his tomb with funerary decorations and expensive furnishings. They paid particular attention to the quality and extravagance of his inner-coffin, where his remains reposed. The marked difference in the function and significance of the jigsaw puzzle and King Tut's actual coffin is reflected in the monetary value placed on each item. The inner-coffin is made of several hundred pounds of solid gold which theoretically reproduced the bodily and facial features of King Tutankhamun. However, the level of accuracy to which it was done is not known. Colored enamel and semi-precious gemstones decorate its surface, as well as very finely incised linear designs and hieroglyphic inscriptions. The king is depicted as holding a crook and a flail, both symbols closely associated with Osiris, the god of the dead. Taken together with the coffin's historical significance, it is worth several million dollars. While the average consumer may not have the purchasing power to afford such a luxury, he or she can trot over to the UCSD bookstore and buy a jigsaw puzzle depicting its likeness for a scant $11.